Haifeng Nie;

• 1:Lingnan College
• 2: Sun Yat-sen University

Abstract：

Value-added tax(VAT) is a tax levied on the realized value added in the production and consumption process when the excess VAT input tax credit is carried forward to be deducted in the next period. The refunding of excess VAT input tax credit changes the value-added tax into a consumptionbased value-added tax levied only on final consumption. The tax refund of VAT excess input credit is a deferred tax benefit given to enterprises of a going concern. Tax refund will make the governments' liquidity into enterprises' liquidity, reduce the tax burden of enterprises, but increase the pressure of government financial fund management. The current local sharing mechanism of refunding VAT excess input credit provides the fund cost sharing and refund risk sharing among the participating regions. From the perspective of inter-period revenue sharing and tax refund burden, this paper analyzes the provincial and sub-provincial tax refund sharing mechanism, which results in tax transfer between provinces and cities and the tax transfer between cities and localities in sub province. The current local tax refund sharing mechanism can be regarded as a new inter-regional horizontal transfer payment mechanism which is good to the implementation of refunding policy.

Key Words：

Abstract:

Keywords:

Foundation: 教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“增值税大规模留抵退税的经济效应评价和制度完善研究”(项目编号:23YJA790059);; 国家社科基金重大项目“解决相对贫困的扶志扶智长效机制研究”(项目编号:20&ZD169)的资助

Authors: Haifeng Nie;

References：

• 蔡伟贤，沈小源，李炳财，等.2022.增值税留抵退税政策的创新激励效应[J].财政研究，(5):31-48.Cai W X,Shen X Y,Li B C,et al.2022.Innovation incentive effect of the reform of uncredited VAT refund[J].Public Finance Research,(5):31-48.(in Chinese)
• 崔军，花培严.2023.增值税留抵退税分类管理：政策逻辑与优化建议[J].税务研究，(2):130-135.Cui J,Hua P Y.2023.Classified management of VAT credit refund:Policy logic and optimization suggestions[J].Taxation Research,(2):130-135.(in Chinese)
• 杜鹏.2021.完善增值税留抵退税制度——以重庆市綦江区为例[J].湖南税务高等专科学校学报，34(3):66-70.Du P.2021.Improving the refund of term-end excess input value-added tax credits taking Qijiang district of Chongqing as an example[J].Journal of Hunan Taxation College,34(3):66-70.(in Chinese)
• 樊存慧.2020.生态补偿横向转移支付研究动态及文献评述[J].财政科学，(10):136-142.Fan C H.2020.Research review on ecological environment protection of horizontal transfer payment[J].Fiscal Science,(10):136-142.(in Chinese)
• 耿纯，刘怡.2022.增值税收入归属、退税负担机制与消费地原则[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),59(5):119-127.Geng C,Liu Y.2022.VAT revenue attribution,tax refund burden-bearing mechanism and the destination principle[J].Journal of Peking University (Philosophy and Social Sciences),59(5):119-127.(in Chinese)
• 何杨，邓粞元，朱云轩.2019.增值税留抵退税政策对企业价值的影响研究——基于我国上市公司的实证分析[J].财政研究，(5):104-117.He Y,Deng X Y,Zhu Y X.2019.Research on the impact of VAT rebate policy on enterprise value:An empirical analysis based on listed companies in China[J].Public Finance Research,(5):104-117.(in Chinese)
• 李健，杨雯钧.2022.增值税留抵退税省级分担机制问题研究[J].中国财政，(6):67-69.Li J,Yang W J.2022.Research on the provincial sharing mechanism for VAT credit refund[J].China State Finance,(6):67-69.(in Chinese)
• 梁育从.2023.优化留抵退税政府间分担机制的思考[J].中国财政，(8):73-75.Liang Y C.2023.Thoughts on optimizing the intergovernmental sharing mechanism for VAT refunds[J].China State Finance,(8):73-75.(in Chinese)
• 刘金科，邓明欢，肖翊阳.2020.增值税留抵退税与企业投资——兼谈完善现代增值税制度[J].税务研究，(9):111-118.Liu J K,Deng M H,Xiao Y Y.2020.On the refund of term-end excess input value-added tax credits and corporate investment:Also on improving the modern VAT system[J].Taxation Research,(9):111-118.(in Chinese)
• 刘怡，耿纯.2018.增值税留抵规模、分布及成本估算[J].税务研究，(3):28-36.Liu Y,Geng C.2018.Some thoughs on the net VAT:Offset size,distribution and cost estimation[J].Taxation Research,(3):28-36.(in Chinese)
• 刘怡，耿纯.2020.增值税跨地区转移与留抵退税负担机制研究[J].税务研究，(10):34-40.Liu Y,Geng C.2020.On the inter-regional transfer of value-added tax and the refund of term-end excess input value-added tax credits[J].Taxation Research,(10):34-40.(in Chinese)
• 卢雄标，童锦治，苏国灿.2018.制造业增值税留抵税额的分布、影响及政策建议——基于A省制造业企业调查数据的分析[J].税务研究，(11):53-59.Lu X B,Tong J Z,Su G C.2018.Tax retain of the VAT for manufacturing industry:Distribution,impact and policy suggestions[J].Taxation Research,(11):53-59.(in Chinese)
• 马逸璇.2022.论企业注销留抵税额的法律属性与规范改进[J].税务与经济，(4):19-25.Ma Y X.2022.Legal nature and rule development of uncredited VAT of enterprises to be deregistered[J].Taxation and Economy,(4):19-25.(in Chinese)
• 聂海峰，刘怡.2022.增值税留抵退税政策的影响与分担机制[J].经济研究，57(8):78-97.Nie H F,Liu Y.2022.Impact and sharing mechanism of the VAT credit refund policy[J].Economic Research Journal,57(8):78-97.(in Chinese)
• 王建平.2021.改进我国增值税留抵税额处理方式的思路[J].税务研究，(8):35-41.Wang J P.2021.Some thoughts on improvement of the treatment for term-end excess input value-added tax credits in China[J].Taxation Research,(8):35-41.(in Chinese)
• 吴怡俐，吕长江，倪晨凯.2021.增值税的税收中性、企业投资和企业价值——基于“留抵退税”改革的研究[J].管理世界，37(8):180-193,14.Wu Y L,Lü C J,Ni C K.2021.Value-added tax neutrality,corporate investment and valuation:Evidence from the reform of uncredited VAT refund[J].Journal of Management World,37(8):180-193,14.(in Chinese)
• 许多奇，蔡奇翰.2023.增值税留抵退税的体系定位与制度优化[J].湖湘法学评论，3(2):139-147.Xu D Q,Cai Q H.2023.System positioning and legal optimization of VAT refund[J].Huxiang Law Review,3(2):139-147.(in Chinese)
• 许建标.2021.我们真正了解增值税吗——对增值税若干基本认识误区的厘清[J].税收经济研究，26(5):14-20.Xu J B.2021.Do we really understand VAT?Clarifications of some basic misconceptions about VAT[J].Tax and Economic Research,26(5):14-20.(in Chinese)
• 张克中，张文涛，万欣.2021.税收分享与财政失衡：中国增值税分享制度的重构[J].财贸经济，42(3):44-58.Zhang K Z,Zhang W T,Wan X.2021.Tax sharing and fiscal imbalance:Reconstruction of China's VAT sharing system[J].Finance & Trade Economics,42(3):44-58.(in Chinese)
• 周黎安，吴敏.2015.省以下多级政府间的税收分成：特征事实与解释[J].金融研究，(10):64-80.Zhou L A,Wu M.2015.Tax sharing rates among sub-provincial governments in China:Facts and explanation[J].Journal of Financial Research,(10):64-80.(in Chinese)
• Harrison G,Krelove R.2005.VAT refunds:A review of country experience[R].Washington:International Monetary Fund.
• Keen M,Smith S.2006.VAT fraud and evasion:What do we know and what can be done?[J].National Tax Journal,59(4):861-887.
• Pessoa M,Okello A,Swistak A,et al.2021.How to manage value-added tax refunds[Z].IMF.
• ① 详见《国务院关于印发实施更大规模减税降费后调整中央与地方收入划分改革推进方案的通知》(国发[2019]21号)。
• (1)《财政部关于政协第十三届全国委员会第四次会议第4881号(财税金融类215号)提案答复的函》,http://yss.mof.gov.cn/jytafwgk_8379/2021jytafwgk_1/zxwytafwgk/202108/t20210805_3743260.htm。
• (2)一般企业申请留抵退税需要满足五个条件:一是从2019年4月税款所属期起,连续6个月增量留抵税额均大于零,且第六个月增量留抵税额不低于50万元;二是纳税信用等级为A级或者B级;三是申请退税前36个月未发生骗取留抵退税、出口退税或者虚开增值税专用发票的情形;四是申请退税前36个月未因偷税被税务机关处罚两次及以上;五是自2019年4月1日起未享受即征即退或先征后返(退)政策。申请的增量留抵税额为按照进项构成比例计算的60%。
• (3)与一般企业相比,先进制造业取消了连续6个月的时间限制,要求“增量留抵税额均大于零”,允许退还的增量留抵税额取消了60%的限制。见《财政部税务总局关于明确先进制造业增值税期末留抵退税政策的公告》(财政部税务总局公告2021年第15号)。
• (4)《财政部税务总局关于进一步加大增值税期末留抵退税政策实施力度的公告》(财政部税务总局公告2022年第14号) 和 《财政部税务总局关于扩大全额退还增值税留抵税额政策行业范围的公告》(财政部税务总局公告2022年第21号)。
• (5)《税务总局举行落实新的组合式税费支持政策专题新闻发布会》 (2022-07-22)http://www.chinatax.gov.cn/chinatax/n810219/n810724/c5178361/content.html。
• (6)在本模型中留抵退税的增值税和销售税等价,如果不考虑跨期效应,增值税和销售税有相同的税收收入,但是增值税可以在价值链上获取税收,而销售税需要等到在最终消费者购买时才获得税收;销售税需要区分最终消费者和中间投入的购买,而增值税不需要区分购买者的身份。更多的增值税和销售税的比较参见Keen and Smith(2006)的研究。
• (7)在本模型中,企业的投入和产出单一,产出在下期实现,因而下游企业的留抵对应上游企业实现的增加值对应的税收。当企业具有多种投入和多个产出并且投入和产出同时发生时,留抵是下游企业采购形成的进项税额冲减销项税额后的余额,而采购形成的进项税额是此前抵扣链条上所有企业实现的增加值对应的税收。这时企业的留抵小于抵扣链条上游企业实现的增加值对应的税收。
• (8)各地区真实留抵退税的规模会受到各地区产业结构、投资规模、经济发展程度、债务规模、财政资金流转和税收征管等因素的影响。正常经营企业发生留抵具有一定的随机性,因而对于每个地方政府而言,可以将留抵退税的规模看作是外生随机的。公式(1)反映了留抵退税的长期净收益,在短期企业留抵退税也受到地方政府资金周转的影响。由于数据约束不能使用真实数据进行分析,这里进行了模拟分析。
• (9)在2022年制造业等13个行业存量留抵退税中,退税资金主要由中央转移支付承担。当退税资金主要由中央承担时,类似本文的分析表明,存量留抵退税是中央对地方的转移支付。